Short answer: VDS (virtual dedicated server) is a marketing term, mostly used by European and CIS hosts, for a VPS with dedicated CPU cores. Technically both are virtual machines; check whether the plan actually reserves cores before paying more for 'VDS'.
VDS (virtual dedicated server) explained
Some providers use VPS for container-based or shared-CPU plans and VDS for KVM plans with reserved cores. Others use the two words interchangeably for the same product.
What matters is not the label but three facts on the plan page: the virtualisation type (KVM versus a container), whether vCPUs are shared or dedicated, and how RAM and disk are allocated. A 'VDS' with shared vCPUs is just a VPS.
See it in the data
Frequently asked questions
Is VDS faster than VPS?
Only if the VDS plan reserves CPU cores. The same provider's dedicated-CPU VPS is the equivalent product.